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Safety of electronic cigarettes
The safety of electronic cigarettes is uncertain.〔 There is little data about their health effects, and considerable variability between vaporizers and in quality of their liquid ingredients and thus the contents of the aerosol delivered to the user. Vaping is probably safer than smoking; in 2015, Public Health England released a report stating that e-cigarettes are estimated to be 95% less harmful than smoking.〔 Reduced voltage e-cigarettes (''e.g.'' 3.0 volts〔) generate very low levels of formaldehyde.〔 A review found later-generation e-cigarettes (''e.g.'' 5.0 volts〔) may generate equal or higher levels of formaldehyde than smoking; the underlying research had used a "puffing machine".〔 People using similar devices and settings found that the users could not use the devices because of "dry-puffs" at the high settings, which according to the 2015 Public Health England report dry puffs are avoided instead of inhaled and "At normal settings, there was no or negligible formaldehyde release."〔 One review found, from limited data, their safety risk is similar to that of smokeless tobacco, which has about 1% of the mortality risk of traditional cigarettes.〔 Another suggested that regulated US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) products such as nicotine inhalers are probably safer than e-cigarettes.
The e-liquid has a low level of toxicity, and contamination with various chemicals has been identified in the product.〔 A few metal parts in e-cigarettes can contact the e-liquid and contaminate it with metals.〔 Many chemicals including carbonyl compounds such as formaldehyde can inadvertently be produced when the nichrome wire that touches the e-liquid is heated and chemically reacts with the liquid.〔 E-cigarettes create vapor that consists of ultrafine particles, with the majority of particles in the ultrafine range.〔 The vapor has been found to contain flavors, propylene glycol, glycerin, nicotine, tiny amounts of toxicants, carcinogens, heavy metals, and metal nanoparticles, and other chemicals.〔〔 Exactly what comprises the vapor varies in composition and concentration across and within manufacturers.〔 Due to various methodological issues, severe conflicts of interest, and inconsistent research, no definite conclusions can be determined regarding the safety e-cigarettes.〔 However, e-cigarettes cannot be regarded as simply harmless.〔 Aside from toxicity, there are also risks from misuse or accidents〔 such as accidental contact with liquid nicotine,〔 accidental fires caused by vaporizer malfunction,〔 and explosions resulting from extended charging, use of unsuitable chargers, or vaporizer design flaws.〔 There is a small risk of battery explosion in devices modified to increase battery power.〔 Battery explosions are caused by an increase in internal battery temperature and some have resulted in severe skin burns.〔
A July 2014 World Health Organization (WHO) report cautioned about potential risks of using e-cigarettes.〔 The report concluded that "the existing evidence shows that ENDS aerosol is not merely "water vapour" as is often claimed in the marketing for these products. ENDS use poses serious threats to adolescents and fetuses." A 2014 systematic review concluded that the risks of e-cigarettes have been exaggerated by health authorities and stated that while there may be some remaining risk, the risk of e-cigarette use is likely small compared to smoking tobacco.〔 E-cigarette vapor contains fewer toxic substances than cigarette smoke.〔 It also has lower concentrations of potential toxic substances than cigarette smoke. There is a concern that some of the mainstream vapor exhaled by e-cigarette users can be inhaled by bystanders, particularly indoors.〔 E-cigarette use by a parent might lead to inadvertent health risks to offspring.〔
The long-term effects of e-cigarette use are unknown.〔〔 A 2014 Cochrane review found no serious adverse effects reported in trials. Less serious adverse effects from e-cigarette use include throat and mouth inflammation, vomiting, nausea, and cough.〔 The evidence suggests they produce less harmful effects than tobacco. The risk is probably low from the inhalation of propylene glycol and glycerin.〔 No information is available on the long-term effects of the inhalation of flavors.〔 E-cigarette users are exposed to potentially harmful nicotine.〔 Nicotine is associated with cardiovascular disease, potential birth defects, and poisoning.〔 ''In vitro'' studies of nicotine have associated it with cancer, but carcinogenicity has not been demonstrated ''in vivo''.〔 There is inadequate research to demonstrate that nicotine is associated with cancer in humans.〔 A 2014 review recommended that e-cigarettes should be regulated for consumer safety.〔 There is limited information available on the environmental issues around production, use, and disposal of e-cigarettes that use cartridges.〔
== Health effects ==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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